The notion that a book will be found in a bookstore, picked up, and perused is sadly obsolete, especially as it relates to indie publishers. If you don't have a contract with a big publishing house, your book will probably never see a bookstore. It makes no sense to design a new cover to fit an old merchandising model. Consider how prospective readers will be exposed to your book, and what information will be presented in that context. The title, byline, synopsis, reader reviews, author pages, and other data are part of every book's online listing. The cover art occupies only a small portion of the page. And all that data won't be visible on the tiny, digital cover even if you do pack it into a book cover design.
It makes sense to rethink cover design. If your book is commercial, the cover should convey its practical value. But if your book is literary art, an artistic, uncluttered cover might convey that as well as any blurb or list of testimonials. As a designer, I find that liberating.
Every great writer has influences. Every great painter and every great musician has been inspired by those who practiced their arts before him. Too many designers are inspired only by “look what my software can do.” Caught in a cycle of circular imitation, they overlook the importance of design history. Historical typefaces and styles help provide temporal context for the prose inside the book. Though historicist design is not the only viable solution for creating effective covers, it's often the perfect way to create a “vibe” that lets the reader know exactly what attitude to expect from the text.
Here are a few book cover designs I produced recently and the thinking behind them:
Wes Wilson Poster 1970s
Doug Burris started the Miami Beach Sr. High Rock Ensemble, possibly the first program of its kind in the world. For 40 years, he coached the MBHS Rock Ensemble and the MBHS Classical Guitar Ensemble to win numerous competitions. Under his direction, the groups performed in Nashville, Japan, and even at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Notable is that Burris accomplished this while slowly succumbing to the debilitating effects of multiple sclerosis. He lost his ability to walk and finally lost his ability to use his hands to play music; his students became his instrument, and he continued to push them (and himself) upward. Walk and Roll is his memoir.
The book cover design called for a rock ‘n' roll theme, hence the psychedelic colors and the warped Alfred Roller text favored by Victor Moscoso, Wes Wilson, and other famous poster designers who produced art for Bill Graham's Fillmore Auditorium in San Francisco during the 1960s and 70s. The footsteps wrap around the book until they become wheelchair tracks; the trajectory is always upward.
Alfred Roller 1903
The “psychedelic typography” of the 1960s was actually a direct adaptation of Vienna Secession typography from the 1900s. Compare the Wes Wilson poster on the right above to Alfred Roller's 1903 Ver Sacrum poster on the left. Wilson borrowed from design history and then added the text “warp” effects and psychedelic colors. Many imitators of the “60s look” have no awareness of its roots, but here we see a case where a designer borrowed from history to make history himself.
A technical note: psychedelic text is perhaps one of the most commonly botched design styles. I used the “envelope” tool in Adobe Flash (!) to finesse the smooth curves into the letters of the title. Everything else was composited in Adobe Fireworks (another tool that was never intended for print production) because it allowed me to work easily with both vector (shape-based) and bitmap (pixelated) images. When the design was finalized, I exported to Adobe Photoshop to convert the file to CMYK mode and adjust the ink density for printing. The final file was prepared in Adobe Indesign.
Alberto Gross wrote With This Last Thought as a philosophy text wrapped in a novella. His characters meet over an ideological clash with a teacher at a Jesuit school. The story follows their interwoven lives as they struggle to find order and meaning in the world.
The book cover design (and parts of the book) employs some archetypal symbolism—islands, clouds, a mountain to climb—and it attempts to portray some of the solitude of philosophical pursuit. The cityscape at the bottom represents the world of “automated” un-self-aware people who are satisfied with pat answers, and who aren't inclined to seek meaning outside the boundaries of social, political, or religious doctrine. At the top of the idealized “island in the sky,” is a silhouette of the protagonist, struggling toward the summit, seeking “ultimate truth and awareness”
The text is Perpetua Titling by Eric Gill who was a stonecutter as well as a type designer. (He's most famous for his font, Gill Sans). The title appears to be embossed or carved into the sky behind the floating island. It offers an air of profundity and seriousness and wisdom, but also of beauty and elegance. But at the same time, it's subdued. The image does the talking and the title text doesn't interfere.
Howard Wolkowitz is a finance and insurance consultant who offers training and seminars for legal, medical, and business professionals. This book is the first of several that address various professional disciplines. This particular one is a short book that offers advice to attorneys on how to generate new business through networking and branding.
When using stock photography for a book cover design, I hesitate to use a purchased image as-is. Stock images are available to anyone, and it's too easy for someone else to use the same images for their own similar project—or to accidentally imitate someone who bought the image before you. In this case, I purchased separate images of the man with the umbrella and the desert landscape. I combined them digitally, and then used the mask path I created to cut the umbrella man out of his background to create the long shadow extending into the scene.
And there's a touch of history in Howard's book cover design, too. The bold typography used by Reid Miles in hundreds of Blue Note album covers during the 1950s and 60s is as fresh and vibrant today as it was 60 years ago.
Kurt Schwitters 1919
W.D. Clarke is a capable writer. He takes many liberties with language and typography, but he's meticulous in his consistency and his attention to detail. Clarke's writing is uniquely postmodern and he has an affinity for the rebellious and absurd ideas of Marcel Duchamp and the Dadaists of the turn of the 20th century. His original manuscript and cover concept offered an homage to Duchamp and his Fountain art exhibit, a urinal signed with the pseudonym “R. Mutt” that shocked the art world in 1917. A favorite designer of mine from that time period was Kurt Schwitters who, though historically associated with the Dadaists, was never formally admitted into their “club.” He was the father of collage as an art style, but also practiced a MERZ (commercial) style that was geometric and typographical. Clarke had expected me to design the interior and use his cover art, but I couldn't resist throwing my own design at the book. It became the solution. (And though Duchamp got away with it a century ago, I'm not sure you get too many shots at successfully pulling off the “urinal as art” trick).
But though this makes the book engaging after you've purchased it and have it in your hands, a different approach addresses the way the book is merchandised online. A separate, one-page version (left) reveals the cover art in a way that doesn't require turning the book over in your hands.
There is no ideal formula for book cover design. Every book is different and every cover has different goals to accomplish. Howard Wolkowitz's Rainmaker book is very much a commercial product that's connected to his consulting and training services. Though the cover aspires to be attractive and professional, it's a paperback book with promotional copy on the back that asserts its value to the reader. And the image supplements the title; we see a professional strolling boldly out into the desert with an umbrella, confident in his ability to make it rain.
The other books are hardcover editions, clothbound with foil stamping on the spines and a dust jacket. Though the authors hope to sell books as all authors do, the goals of these works are primarily expressive and artistic. Commercial language (and even the barcodes) is moved to the inside jacket flaps. The back covers continue the fronts and spines. Reviews, promotional language, and descriptive copy can be read on each book's Amazon page. With physical retailers out of the picture, a book's online presence can deliver all the boilerplate text, freeing the cover from the indignity of having its back turned into a billboard.
Three of the designs above reference specific historical styles (all four do if you include Eric Gill's Perpetua typeface as a historical reference). It's easy enough to find a “designer” who knows how to use Photoshop—and technique is important—but best results are achieved by artists who read your book, understand your intentions, and know enough about the evolution of design to create a visual complement to your written ideas.
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